No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)

No impact of Bt soybean that express Cry1Ac protein on biological traits of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Biological traits of the stink bug Euschistus heros and its main biological control agent Telenomus podisi were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions (25 ± 2ºC; 60 ± 10% RH; and 14/10 h photoperiod) by placing first instar nymphs into Petri dishes with pods originating from two soybean isolines (Bt-soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788, which expresses the Cry1Ac protein, and its near non-Bt isoline A5547) where they remained until the adult stage. Due to gregarious behavior exhibited by first instar nymphs, they were individualized only when at the second instar. Adults were separated by sex and weighed, and pronotum width of each individual was subsequently measured. They were placed into plastic boxes containing soybean grains of the same soybean isoline as food source. Egg viability and female fecundity were assessed in adult individuals. Adult females of T. podisi (up to 24h old) were placed with eggs of E. heros from mothers reared on both soybean isolines. Nymphal development time, insect weight, pronotum width, sex ratio, female fecundity, and egg viability (% emergence) of Euschistus heros did not differ between treatments. Eggto-adult development time, female longevity, sex ratio, and percentage of parasitized eggs were not impacted by the Bt-soybean (expressing Cry1Ac protein). Results indicate that the Bt-soybean, MON 87701 × MON 89788, has no direct significant impact on the two studied species.

Caracterização bromatológica de cultivares de amoreira, Morus spp., e determinação dos índices nutricionais de Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) / Bromatological characterization of mulberry cultivars, Morus spp., and determination of nutritional indexes of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

The objective of this work was to assess, through consumption and utilization of natural food measurements, whether mulberry cultivars, Morus spp., could be recommended to rear the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., in a commercial scale. The mulberry cultivars Miura (standard), Korin and Tailandesa and the hybrids FM 3/3, FM 86, SK 1 and SK 4 were tested. Seventy five fifth-instar commercial hybrid larvae were individualized in gerbox® unities and maintained in a rearing room (25 ± 3ºC and 80 ± 10 percent RH).The mulberry leaves of each of the five cultivars used to feed the silkworm larvae were submitted to bromatological analysis. The dry weight of larvae at the beginning and at the end of the fifth instar, the food consumed and the feces eliminated were recorded to determine the following indexes: relative consumption rate (RCR), relative metabolic rate (RMR), relative growth rate (RGR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), metabolic cost (MC). The bromatological composition analysis of mulberry leaf cultivars revealed that the hybrid SK 4 presented superior nutritional quality compared to the standard cultivar Miura, due to its higher content in crude protein and ethereal extract, and lower detergent fiber content. The hybrid SK 4 was the most adequate food to the silkworm larvae because it was ingested in small amounts, thus providing good digestibility to the larvae, low metabolic cost, good growth rate and one of the highest efficiencies in the conversion of the ingested food and ingested and digested in biomass.

Exigências térmicas de Doru lineare Eschs. e Doru luteipes Scudder em laboratório / Thermal requirements of Doru lineare Eschs. and Doru luteipes Scudder in the laboratory

Algumas espécies de tesourinhas (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) são importantes predadoras da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de temperaturas constantes no desenvolvimento de Doru luteipes (Scudder) e Doru lineare (Eschs.). D. luteipes não completou seu desenvolvimento nas temperaturas de 30 e 32°C, enquanto D. lineare não completou apenas na temperatura de 32°C. O período de incubação variou de 8,0 (25°C) a 17,2 dias (18°C) e de 4,6 (30°C) a 14,5 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes e D. lineare, respectivamente. A duração do período ninfal variou de 30,4 dias (25°C) a 63,6 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes, e de 20,4 dias (30°C) a 60,5 dias (18°C), para D. lineare. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) variou de 38,4 (25°C) a 80,8 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes, e de 25 (30°C) a 75 dias (18°C), para D. lineare. Portanto, as temperaturas elevadas foram desfavoráveis para ambas as espécies, observando-se que D. luteipes é mais susceptível à elevação térmica.

Some Earwigs species (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) are important predators of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The effects of constant temperatures on the development of Doru luteipes (Scudder) and Doru lineare (Eschs.) were evaluated. The development of D. luteipes was not completed at 30 and 32°C, whereas D. lineare did not complete only at 32°C. The incubation period ranged from 8.0 (25°C) to 17.2 days (18oC) for D. luteipes and D. lineare, respectively. The duration of the nymphal stage ranged from 30.4 (25°C) to 63.6 days (18°C) for D. luteipes and, from 20.4 (30°C) to 60.5 days (18°C) for D. lineare. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) varied from 38.4 (25°C) to 80.8 days (18°C) for D. luteipes and from 25 (30°C) to 75 days (18°C) for D. lineare. Therefore, high temperatures were unfavorable for both species, but D. luteipes is more susceptible to higher temperatures.

Influência de cultivares de amoreira Morus spp. sobre a produção e qualidade de casulos de bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) / Influence of mulberry cultivars Morus spp. on the production and quality of silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) cocoons

O êxito da sericicultura depende em grande parte da disponibilidade de cultivares de amoreira com características agronômicas que maximizem a produção e a qualidade dos casulos do bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori L. Os efeitos das cultivares Miura (padrão) e Korin, e dos híbridos SM 14, SM 63, SK 1, SK 4 e FM 86 sobre o desenvolvimento, produção e qualidade do casulo do bicho-da-seda foram avaliados no Instituto Agronômico de Paraná, IAPAR, Londrina, PR (23 ± 3°C; 61 ± 8 por cento RH). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Lagartas alimentadas com folhas do híbrido SK 4 ou da cultivar Korin tiveram aumento significativo de peso em comparação com as alimentadas com folhas da cultivar padrão. O peso de casulos (ambos os sexos) e o peso de pupa (macho), obtidos com insetos criados com ‘SK 4’, foram superiores aos de insetos criados com a cultivar Miura; não houve diferença entre os demais tratamentos. O teor de seda líquida não foi influenciado pelas cultivares testadas. O peso de casca sérica obtido com lagartas alimentadas com ‘Miura’ foi similar ao de lagartas alimentadas com os demais materiais. O encasulamento concentrou-se nos dois primeiros dias e foi superior a 90 por cento em todos os tratamentos. A porcentagem de casulos de primeira variou de 80 por cento (‘SK 4’) a 90 por cento. Em geral, os resultados obtidos com as cultivares estudadas foram semelhantes ou superiores ao padrão ‘Miura’, com ênfase para o híbrido SK 4, demonstrando o potencial de uso dessas cultivares na sericicultura paranaense.

The success of sericiculture greatly depends on the availability of mulberry cultivars with agronomic characteristics that maximize the production and quality of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., cocoons. The effect of the cultivars Miura (standard) and Korin, and the hybrids SM 14, SM 63, SK 1, SK 4 and FM 86 was evaluated on silkworm development, and on cocoon production and quality, at the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, in Londrina, PR, Brazil (23 ± 3°C; 61 ± 8 percent RH). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates. Larvae feeding either on ‘SK 4’ or on ‘Korin’ showed a higher weight compared to that of larvae feeding on ‘Miura". Cocoon weight (both sexes) and pupae weight (male) obtained with larvae fed on SK 4 were higher compared with that of insects that fed on ‘Miura’; there was no difference among the remaining treatments. Silk net weight was independent of the cultivar used. Cocoon shell weight was similar amongst insects raised on ‘Miura’ and on the other mulberry materials. The percentage of cocoon spinning was higher than 90 percent in all treatments, with the spinning concentrating in the first two days. The proportion of first grade cocoons varied from 80 percent (SK4) to 90 percent. The results obtained with the studied cultivars were either similar or superior to that of the standard cultivar Miura with emphasis to ‘SK 4’, thus showing the potential use of these cultivars in sericulture in the state of Paraná.

Atração do predador Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) por estímulos olfativos de dietas alternativas em laboratório / Attraction of the predator Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) by olfactory stimulus of alternative diets in the laboratory

Doru luteipes consome lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda, que é atualmente a principal praga da cultura do milho no Brasil. Normalmente, se 70 por cento das plantas tivessem o predador, a praga seria mantida abaixo do nível de dano econômico. Entretanto, o predador ocorre após a praga danificar as plantas. Assim, a disponibilidade de materiais que atraíssem e antecipassem a presença do predador na lavoura poderia reduzir populações da praga. Desta forma, estudou-se em laboratório a atratividade de dietas artificiais para machos e fêmeas do predador D. luteipes. Os tratamentos foram: pupa desidratada e moída do bicho-da-seda; pólen misto, nas quantidades de 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5 e 1,0g para ambas as dietas. Em olfatômetro, os estímulos da dieta foram comparados à testemunha. Foram realizadas 30 repetições. Os resultados mostraram que houve atratividade tanto para machos quanto para fêmeas. Em geral, a atração foi aumentada com o aumento da quantidade das dietas. Estudos adicionais foram propostos para testar a viabilidade do uso dos materiais como estratégia de manejo da praga no campo.

Doru luteipes consumes larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, which is at this moment the main pest of maize crop in Brazil. In general, if 70 percent of the plants had this predator the pest would be kept under the threshold of economic damage. However, the predator occurs after the pest damages the plants. Thus, the availability of materials that would attract and anticipate the presence of predator in the field,could reduce pest populations. In such a way, it was studied in the laboratory the attractiveness of artificial diets for males and females of the D. luteipes. The treatments were: ground dehydrated pupa of the silk worm and pollen mixture in the amounts of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 e 1.0g, for both the diets The diet stimulus were compared to control using a olfactometer. In general, attraction increased with rising amounts of the diets. Further investigations were proposed to test the viability of the usage of the materials to manage the pest in the field.

Dieta artificial para criação de Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), predador da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Artificial diet for rearing Doru luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), a predator of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Uma nova técnica de criação para o predador Doru luteipes (Scudder), envolvendo dietas artificiais e substrato artificial de oviposição é sugerida. Tanto adultos, quanto ninfas foram mantidos em placas contendo um canudinho transparente de refrigerante com algodão umedecido e o respectivo alimento. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); ovos de Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); ovos de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); farinha de pupa de insetos (FPI); pólen comercial de abelhas Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (PC); FPI + PC, FPI + pólen de taboa [Typha angustifolia L. (Thyphaceae)]. Para as dietas artificiais, observou-se que os tratamentos com farinha de pupas de insetos (FPI), FPI + pólen comercial (PC) e FPI + pólen de taboa resultaram em 32; 29 e 29 dias de período ninfal, com 83; 90 e 100 por cento de sobrevivência, respectivamente, sendo superiores ao tratamento com PC , com 37 dias e 67 por cento de sobrevivência. Os tratamentos com farinha de pupas de insetos, isolada ou em mistura com pólens, foram semelhantes ao padrão com ovos de S. frugiperda. Conclui-se que a criação de D. luteipes com as dietas artificiais testadas, bem como o método de criação, são adequados para sua produção em laboratório.

A new technique involving an artificial diet and an artificial substrate for oviposition for the rearing of the predator Doru luteipes (Scudder) is suggested. Both adults and nymphs were maintained in petri dishes containing a transparent piece of soda straw filled with moistened cotton and the corresponding food for the biossays. The following treatments were tested: eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); insect pupae meal (FPI); Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) commercial pollen (PC); FPI + PC, and FPI + cattail pollen [Typha angustifolia L. (Thyphaceae)]. Each treatment had 50 replicates, and food was offered in excess. Treatments consisting of insect pupae meal (FPI), FPI + commercial pollen (PC), and FPI + cattail pollen resulted in nymphal development of 32, 29, and 29 days, with 83, 90 and 100 percent survival, respectively, and were superior to the PC treatment, with values of 37 days and 67 percent survival observed for insects reared on commercial pollen. Treatments that included insect pupae flour, either alone or mixed with pollens, were similar to control (S. frugiperda eggs). We conclude that the artificial diets tested and rearing technique are suitable for the artificial rearing of D. luteipes in laboratory conditions.

Biologia e preferência alimentar de Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) na planta invasora Raphanus raphanistrum L / Biology and feeding preference of Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on the weed Raphanus raphanistrum L

Foi estudada a biologia e preferência alimentar do curuquerê-da-couve, Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) na planta invasora R. raphanistrum L. Ovos de A. monuste orseis foram coletados nas plantas de couve manteiga da fazenda da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), PR. As lagartas foram individualizadas, recebendo folhas de nabiça diariamente, observando-se os ínstares e registrando-se a mortalidade. A duração média da fase larval foi de 12,9 (± 0,08) dias, com mortalidade de 42,0 por cento; a duração média da fase pupal foi 6,7 (±0,13) dias e a mortalidade de 38,4 por cento. O curuquerê preferiu alimentar-se de nabiça, comparativamente com a couve manteiga, Brassica oleracea var. acephala.

The biology and feeding preference of the kale leafworm, Ascia monuste orseis (Latreille) on the weed Raphanus raphanistrum Godart was studied. Eggs were collected on plants at the farm of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), PR, Brazil. Neonate caterpillars were individualized and were daily fed on leaves of R. raphanistrum; instar duration and mortality were recorded. Mean duration of the larval stage was 12.9 (± 0.08) days and mortality was 42.0 percent. Mean duration of the pupal stage was 6.7 (± 0.13) days, and mortality was 38.4 percent. A. monuste orseis prefered feeding on leaves of R. raphanistrum, than leaves of kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala.

Association of the soil bug Atarsocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) with the weed Senecio brasiliensis Less / Associação do percevejo Atarsocoris sp. (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) com a planta invasora maria-mole (Senecio brasiliensis Less)

The burrowing bugs of the family Cydnidae, among them the brown burrowing bug Atarsocoris sp., are insect pests occurring in various crops, resulting in substantial losses in areas with high populations. Atarsocoris sp. is also frequently associated with weeds. The insect was found in the roots of the plant S. brasiliensis Less in degraded pasture areas. Based on this observation, the hypothesis of a correlation between this weed plant and the insect was raised. A study was conducted in sandy soils (red latossol), in pasture areas with and without S. brasiliensis, with three treatments and 10 replicates. A positive correlation was found between the weed plant and the burrowing bug. Hence this plant is an alternative host under the conditions of the study (degraded pastures and sandy soil). The positive correlation detected allows suggesting the S. brasiliensis plant as a bio-indicator of the occurrence of this insect pests in these areas.

Os percevejos da família Cydnidae, entre eles Atarsocoris sp., são insetos-praga com ocorrência em várias culturas, acarretando perdas significativas em áreas com grande infestação do inseto; sendo também muito comuns associados a plantas daninhas. A ocorrência de Atarsocoris sp. foi observada em áreas de pastagens degradadas, nas raízes da planta maria-mole (Senecio brasiliensis Less). Mediante essa observação, foi levantada a hipótese da correlação entre a planta invasora e o inseto. O experimento foi realizado em solos de arenito (Latossolo Vermelho), em áreas de pastagem com a presença da maria-mole e sem a planta, totalizando três tratamentos e 10 repetições. Houve correlação positiva entre a planta invasora maria-mole e o percevejo (Atarsocoris sp.), sendo esta considerada uma hospedeira alternativa do inseto nas condições encontradas naquela área de estudo, ou seja, pastagens degradadas e solo arenoso. A correlação detectada permite sugerir a inclusão da maria-mole como bioindicadora do referido inseto nestas áreas.

Biologia e preferência da lagarta do girassol, Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) na planta daninha losna branca, Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) / Occurrence and biology of the sunflower caterpillar, Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on the weed plant, Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia de Chlosyne lacinia saundersii Doubleday, sobre losna branca, Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae), bem como avaliar sua preferência em relação ao girassol e à planta daninha. Os ovos foram coletados no campo sobre plantas de P. hysterophorus. A criação das lagartas foi realizada sob condições controladas de temperatura (25 ± 2ºC) e fotoperíodo (12 h L:12h E). A duração média da fase de ovo foi de sete dias; da fase larval de 18,9 dias, com 75 por cento de sobrevivência e da fase pupal de 6,1 dias, com 65 por cento de sobrevivência. C. lacinia saundersii preferiu alimentar-se de girassol, comparativamente à losna branca. A planta daninha P. hysterophorus constitui hospedeiro alternativo para a lagarta do girassol, permitindo que a mesma complete o ciclo biológico naquela planta.

This research aimed to study the biology of the sunflower caterpillar, Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Doubleday), on Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) and to evaluate the preference between sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and the weed plant. The eggs were collected on plants of P. hysterophorus. Rearing procedures, from egg hatching to aduld emergence, were carried out under controlled enviromental conditions: 25 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10 percent UR and 12:12h of photoperiod. The egg stage lasted seven days; the larval development took 18.9 days, with 75 percent survivorship; the pupal stage lasted 6.1 days, with 65 percent of survivorship. C. lacinia saundersii prefered to feed on sunflower comparatively to P. hysterophorus. The weed plant, P. hysterophorus, can be considered a host-plant for the sunflower caterpillar.